Comparison of volatile organic compounds between cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and extract (CSE) samples

Article information

Environ Health Toxicol. 2018;33.e2018012
Publication date (electronic) : 2018 September 28
doi : https://doi.org/10.5620/eht.e2018012
1Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
2Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
3Department of Toxicology Evaluation, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365 Republic of Korea
4National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
Corresponding author: Kyuhong Lee National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea E-mail: khlee@kitox.re.kr
Co-corresponding author: Seong-Jin Choi Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea E-mail: mestalla@kitox.re.kr
Received 2018 August 17; Accepted 2018 August 27.

Abstract

Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for several diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The toxicity of the cigarette smoke can be determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity test of the cigarette smoke is commonly conducted using the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The CSC and CSE methods are well known for sampling of the particles and water-soluble compounds in the cigarette smoke, respectively. In this study, the CSC and CSE were analyzed by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system equipped with a wax column for separation of the volatile organic compounds. The cytotoxic effect of the CSC and CSE were evaluated thoroughly by comparing the analytical results of the CSC and CSE samples. The total concentration of the volatile organic compounds detected in the CSC sample was similar to that in the CSE sample based on the peak area. Except for the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, nicotine had the highest concentration in the CSC sample, while acetonitrile had the highest concentration in the CSE sample. The compositions were as follows: (1) CSC sample: 55.8% nicotine, 18.0% nicotyrine, 3.20% 1,2,3-propanetriol, triacetate, 1.28% ethyl chloride, 1.22% phenol, etc. and (2) CSE sample: 18.7% acetonitrile, 18.0% acetone, 12.5% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanenitrile, 8.98% nicotine, 5.86% nicotyrine, etc. In this manner, to accurately examine the cytotoxicity of the cigarette smoke using CSC or CSE, the components and their concentrations in the CSC and CSE samples should be considered.

INTRODUCTION

Cigarette smoke contains several toxic compounds that can cause diverse diseases, including respiratory diseases [1-3]. Many researchers have studied cigarette smoke-related diseases like lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [4,5]. Recently, electronic cigarettes are being marketed as less harmful alternatives to tobacco smoking [6]. However, the cigarette industry is still one of the most profitable and deadly industries in the world [7]. In addition, the market volume of the cigarette industry is still large, despite the market growth of the electronic cigarettes. Thus, the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of cigarette products need to be regulated, and the regulations should be based on the results of the study of cigarette smoke-related diseases.

The toxicity test for the cigarette smoke are commonly performed using animal or cell experiments [8,9]. In case of the cytotoxicity test, a solution that absorbs cigarette smoke is generally used and cells are exposed to it [10,11]. There are two main types of cigarette smoke solutions: (1) Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) is obtained by dissolving the particulate phase of cigarette smoke. The cigarette smoke is collected by a filter pad and then eluted using a solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, and ethanol [12]. (2) Cigarette smoke extract is obtained by dissolving the water-soluble gas and particle phases of cigarette smoke. The cigarette smoke sample is directly absorbed in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) using impingers [13]. Because the compounds in CSC and CSE are different, the toxicities determined using the CSC and CSE will differ.

In this study, the qualitative analysis of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the CSC and CSE samples was conducted. Cigarette smoke was generated and smoke samples were collected and pretreated by the CSC and CSE methods. The CSC and CSE samples were then analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [14]. The identification of the VOCs in the cigarette smoke solutions should contribute to the understanding of the cigarette smoke toxicity.

METHODS

Cigarette Smoke Generation

The 3R4F reference cigarettes were used to generate cigarette smoke (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA). They were conditioned following international organization for standardization (ISO) standard 3402, i.e., at approximately 48 h at 22±1˚C and 60±3% [15]. The cigarettes were smoked on a CSM 2080 30-port smoking machine for the qualitative analysis of the smoke solution under ISO machine smoking conditions following ISO 3308 [16] (Table 1). The puff duration, puff volume, filter vent blocking, and interpuff period were 2 s, 35 mL, 0%, and 60 s.

Sampling and pretreatment of the cigarette smoke samples

Preparation of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) sample

The CSC sample was prepared by smoking the cigarettes on the smoking machine. The total particulate matter (TPM) from generated cigarette smoke was collected on a Whatman Cambridge filter pad (Whatman Grade F319-04, model number: 97039654, diameter: 44 mm, weight: 1.61 pounds, and shape: circle) (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) at 1 L min-1 for 5 min using a mini vacuum pump (XR5000, SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA, USA). The TPM on the filter pad was extracted with DMSO to yield a concentration of 20 mg mL-1 (TPM mass per DMSO volume) in a petri dish. The petri dish filled with the mixture of TPM and DMSO was shaken for 30 min using a twist shaker to increase the extraction efficiency. Finally, the extracted smoke solution was filtrated by using 0.45 μm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter [17]. The filtrated solution was used to analyze as a CSC sample.

Preparation of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) sample

In order to collect the TPM from the cigarettes, PBS was used as an absorbed solvent. The inlet and outlet of the impinger filled with the 30 mL PBS were respectively connected to the cigarette smoke gas line and a vacuum pump. The TPM sample from the cigarettes was absorbed by the PBS at 1 L min-1 for 5 min.

Analytical approach and instrumental system

The analysis of VOCs in the CSC and CSE samples in this study was carried out using GC (Shimadzu GC-2010, Japan) equipped with MS (Shimadzu GCMs-QP2010 Ultra, Japan) and a thermal desorber (TD-20, Shimadzu, Japan). Firstly, the prepared CSC and CSE samples were injected onto the sorbent tube via a temporary injection port made from the Teflon tubing that connected the inlet of sorbent tube and a polyester aluminum bag, with a constant supply of the back-up gas from the bag (flow rate = 500 mL min-1 for 2 min). The sorbent tube was filled with 200 mg of Carbopack X used as the collection media to preconcentrate the VOCs in the CSC and CSE samples. The VOCs loaded on the sorbent tube were thermally desorbed at 320˚C (5 min) at a reverse flow of 100 mL min-1 of helium (> 99.9999%) carrier gas. The desorbed analytes were swept into the cold trap (held at 5˚C) in the stream of the carrier gas. The cold trap packed with quartz wool (10 mg) and Tenax TA (50 mg) in a Silcosteel holder (Shimadzu, Japan) was then rapidly desorbed (270˚C for 5 min) in a reverse flow of carrier gas in order to transfer (inject) the VOCs into the column (CP wax - length: 60 m, diameter: 0.25 mm, and thickness: 0.25 μm, Agilent, USA). The transfer/injection of analytes from the cold trap into the GC column was carried out by splitting the flow between the column (2 mL min-1) and the split vent (10 mL min-1). The oven temperature was initially set at 40˚C (for 5 min), ramped at 10°C min-1 to 220˚C, and held at this temperature for 7 min (a total run time of 30 min).

To detect VOCs, the interface and ion source temperatures were set relatively high (e.g., at 230˚C) in order to prevent contamination in the MS system. The VOCs were examined in total ion chromatographic (TIC) mode over a mass range of 35 to 600 m/z. Detailed information on the instrumental system is included in Table 2.

Operational settings of TD-GC-MS system for analysis of cigarette smoke samples

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The VOCs contained in CSC and CSE samples were separated by a GC system with a Wax column and detected by a MS system. A total of 164 VOCs were detected from the CSC and CSE samples (except the VOCs detected in each solvent, solvent blank correction). The kinds and peak areas of detected VOCs were different between the CSC and CSE samples. The CSC samples were dominated by nitrogen compounds (NC) with %peak area of 81.0% (ketone: 4.55%, alcohol: 4.34%, ester: 3.90%, hydrocarbon: 3.14%, aldehyde: 1.30%, others: below 1%) (Eqn (1)). In case of the CSE sample, NC and ketone have high %peak areas of 52.2% and 35.0%, respectively. Here, %peak area of each compound is calculated as follows:

(1) %peak area=Peak area (n)Peak area (all VOCs detected in CSC or CSE)×100

The number of VOCs detected in the CSE sample was higher than that detected in the CSC sample: number of detected VOCs = 130 (CSE) and 80 (CSC). The patterns of the number of the detected VOCs between CSC and CSE samples were similar to those of the %peak areas. In case of the CSC, the number of detected NC was higher than other compounds (number of detected compounds in the CSC sample = 30 NC, 15 ketones, 12 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 6 esters, and other compounds). In CSE sample, the number of detected NC was highest along with 36 ketones, 18 alcohols, 17 aldehydes, 6 hydrocarbons, 5 carboxyls, and other compounds (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Comparison of %peak area and number of detected compounds between CSC and CSE samples.

The chromatograms of VOCs obtained from the analysis of CSC and CSE samples are presented in Figure 2 (analytical volume = 0.2 μL (CSC) and 2 μL (CSE)). As shown in Figure 2, most VOCs with a relatively short retention time were detected in the CSE samples. The peak areas of VOCs with relatively long retention time were relatively higher in the CSC sample: VOCs with a retention time of < 20 min accounted for < 15% of total peak areas, while the peak areas of VOCs with a relatively long retention time (above 20 min) correspond to about 85% of the total peak areas (Figure 3). Because the CSE samples contained the gaseous compounds with relatively light molecular weights, most VOCs detected from the CSE samples had relatively short retention times. In contrast, the VOCs of the CSC samples that collected most smoke particles have relatively long retention times.

Figure 2.

Overlay of chromatograms of the CSC and CSE samples.

Figure 3.

Sum of peak areas of VOCs in CSC and CSE samples with different retention times.

Table 3 shows the peak areas of VOCs detected from one cigarette smoke between CSC and CSE samples (peak area / cigarette) (top 20 VOCs with highest peak areas in CSC or CSE sample) (Eqn (2)).

List of major VOCs detected in CSC and CSE samples

(2) Peak areacigarette=Detected peak areaSample injection volume (0.2 μL [CSC] or 2 μL [CSE])×Total solution volume (8.75 mL [CSC] or 30 mL [CSE])The number of cigarettes used for smoke sampling (n=30)×10-6

In case of nicotine, CSC had the highest peak area of 56,826, while CSE had just 9,109. This indicates that nicotine existed mainly in the particulate phase. The peak areas of other VOCs in the CSC and CSE samples also differed per cigarette. 4-methylphenol, 3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl) pyridine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one, and indole were only detected in the CSC sample with relatively long retention time (> 20 min). In contrast, relatively light VOCs such as acetaldehyde, propanal, 2-butanone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanenitrile and 2-propenal were only detected in the CSE sample. Although some light VOCs like acetone, acetonitrile, and 2,3-butanedione were also detected from CSC samples, their peak area values of the CSC samples were significantly lower than those of the CSE samples (Table 3).

We confirmed that the composition and quantity of VOCs in particulate and gas phases of cigarette smoke were different through the analysis of the CSC and CSE samples. Thus, to obtain the qualitative and quantitative data about the components of cigarette smoke solutions, the toxicity test should be performed using CSC and CSE separately.

CONCLUSION

The CSC and CSE are representative cigarette smoke solutions for conducting the cigarette smoke toxicity test. The components of CSC and CSE samples differ because the sampling and pretreatment approaches are different. In this study, CSC and CSE samples were analyzed using a GC-MS system and detected VOCs of the CSC and CSE samples were compared. In CSC, most VOCs were NC with 81% of total peak areas. In case of CSE, NC and ketones were dominant with 52.2% and 35.0% of total peak areas, respectively. Relatively light VOCs (molecular weight < 100 g/mole) were mainly detected in the CSE sample, while most relatively heavy VOCs (molecular weight > 100 g/mole) were detected in the CSC sample. In addition, the quantity of detected VOCs was also different between CSC and CSE samples. For example, nicotine which is a typical component of cigarette smoke was detected in both CSC and CSE samples. However, the peak area of nicotine detected in CSC was about five times higher than that in CSE. In conclusion, the analysis of CSC and CSE samples to obtain the qualitative and quantitative data is necessary to determine the toxicity of cigarette smoke solutions.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant (14182MFDS977) from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2017.

Notes

The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.

References

1. Vaart HV, Postma DS, Timens W, Ten Hacken NHT. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Thorax 2004;59(8):713–721.
2. Yoshida T, Tuder RM. Pathobiology of Cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol Rev 2007;87(3):1047–1082.
3. Huxley RR, Woodward M. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet 2011;378(9799):1297–1305.
4. Ahmad T, Sundar IK, Lerner CA, Gerloff J, Tormos AM, Yao H, et al. Impaired mitophagy leads to cigarette smoke stress-induced cellular senescence: implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FASEB J 2015;29(7):2912–2929.
5. Alexander LEC, Shin S, Hwang JH. Inflammatory diseases of the lung induced by conventional cigarette smoke: A review. Chest 2015;148(5):1307–1322.
6. Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2014;5(2):67–86.
7. Apollonio D, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry research on nicotine replacement therapy: “If anyone is going to take away our business it should be us”. Am J Public Health 2017;107(10):1636–1642.
8. Dayan AD, Paine AJ. Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: Review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. Hum Exp Toxicol 2001;20(9):439–451.
9. Bakand S, Winder C, Khalil C, Hayes A. Toxicity assessment of industrial chemicals and airborne contaminants: Transition from in vivo to in vitro test methods: A review. Inhal Toxicol 2005;17(13):775–787.
10. Kulkarni R, Rampersaud R, Aguilar JL, Randis TM, Kreindler JL, Ratner AJ. Cigarette smoke inhibits airway epithelial cell innate immune responses to bacteria. Infect Immun 2010;78(5):2146–2152.
11. Manuppello JR, Sullivan KM. Toxicity assessment of tobacco products in vitro. Altern Lab Anim 2015;43(1):39–67.
12. Han SG, Pant K, Bruce SW, Gairola CG. Bhas 42 cell transformation activity of cigarette smoke condensate is modulated by selenium and arsenic. Environ Mol Mutagen 2016;57(3):220–228.
13. Asano H, Horinouchi T, Mai Y, Sawada O, Fujii S, Nishiya T, et al. Nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke induces cell damage through reactive oxygen species newly generated by PKC-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase. J Pharmacol Sci 2012;118(2):275–287.
14. Kim Y-H, Kim K-H. Novel approach to test the relative recovery of liquid-phase standard in sorbent-tube analysis of gaseous volatile organic compounds. Anal Chem 2012;84(9):4126–4139.
15. ISO. In Tobacco and tobacco products – Atmosphere for conditioning and testing in ISO 3404 International Organization of Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland,: 1999.
16. ISO. In in Routine Analytical Cigarette-smoking Machine- Definitions and Standard Conditions in ISO 3308 International Organization of Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland,: 2000.
17. CORESTA. Report on interlaboratory study of the in vitro toxicity of particulate matter form four cigarettes CORESTA In Vitro Toxicology Task Force; Available at: https://www.coresta.org/sites/default/files/technical_documents/main/IVT_TF_Report_Particulate_Matter_Tox.pdf.

Article information Continued

Figure 1.

Comparison of %peak area and number of detected compounds between CSC and CSE samples.

Figure 2.

Overlay of chromatograms of the CSC and CSE samples.

Figure 3.

Sum of peak areas of VOCs in CSC and CSE samples with different retention times.

Table 1.

Sampling and pretreatment of the cigarette smoke samples

Order Type Pretreatment methods
CSC CSE
1 Samplera Filter PBS
2 Condensate solution DMSO -
3 Cigarette number 30 ea
4 Sampling flow rate 1 L min-1
5 Puff volume 35 mL
6 Puff duration 2 s
7 Puff interval 60 s
a

Filter: Cambridge filter pad (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK).

Table 2.

Operational settings of TD-GC-MS system for analysis of cigarette smoke samples

A. GC (Shimadzu GC-2010, JAPAN) and Q MS (Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010, JAPAN)
Column: CP Wax (diameter: 0.25 mm, length: 60 m, and film thickness: 0.25 µm)
Oven setting Detector setting
Oven temp: 40˚C (5 min) Ionization mode: EI (70 eV)
Oven rate: 10˚C min-1 Ion source temp.: 230˚C
Max oven temp: 220˚C (7 min) Interface temp.: 230˚C
Total time: 30 min TIC scan range: 35-600 m/z
Carrier gas: He (99.999%)
Carrier gas flow: 2 mL min-1

B. Thermal desorber (TD-20, Shimadzu, Japan)

Cold trap sorbent: Tenax TA
Split ratio: 1:05 Adsorption temp.: 5˚C
Split flow: 10 mL min-1 Desorption temp.: 270˚C
Trap hold time: 5 min Flow path temp: 270˚C

C. Sorbent (Sampling) Tube

Sorbent material: Carbopack × (150 mg)
Desorption flow: 100 mL min-1
Desorption time: 5 min Desorption temp.: 320˚C

Table 3.

List of major VOCs detected in CSC and CSE samples

Order Functional Group Retention-time (min) Compound namea Molecular weight (g/mole) Formula Peak area (%)
Peak area(× 106) / cigarette
CSC CSE CSC CSE
1 3.223 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanenitrile 85 C4H7NO NDb 12.5 ND 12,635
2 6.621 Acetonitrile 41 C2H3N 0.76 18.7 775 18,923
3 7.113 Propanenitrile 55 C3H5N ND 0.94 ND 956
4 10.873 Pyridine 79 C5H5N 0.44 1.32 446 1,342
5 12.765 3-methyl-pyridine 93 C6H7N ND 0.52 ND 531
6 NC 18.83 Acetamide 59 C2H5NO 0.49 ND 495 ND
7 20.225 Nicotine 162 C10H14N2 55.8 8.98 56,826 9,109
8 23.672 3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl)-pyridine 146 C9H10N2 0.74 ND 755 ND
9 24.979 Nicotyrine 158 C10H10N2 18 5.86 18,328 5,943
10 26.525 Indole 117 C8H7N 0.48 ND 487 ND
11 27.226 2,3'-Bipyridine 156 C10H8N2 1.08 ND 1,098 ND
12 3.288 Acetone 58 C3H6O 0.56 18 565 18,247
13 4.285 2-Butanone 72 C4H8O ND 4.93 ND 5,001
14 5.252 3-Buten-2-one 70 C4H6O ND 1.3 ND 1,316
15 Ketone 6.007 2,3-Butanedione 86 C4H6O2 0.72 5.48 729 5,558
16 10.652 Cyclopentanone 84 C5H8O ND 0.51 ND 515
17 13.824 2-methyl-2-Cyclopenten-1-one 96 C6H8O 0.42 ND 428 ND
18 23.781 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one 98 C5H6O2 0.58 ND 592 ND
19 2.563 Acetaldehyde 44 C2H4O ND 0.8 ND 811
20 3.064 Propanal 58 C3H6O ND 0.76 ND 775
21 Aldehyde 3.576 2-Propenal 56 C3H4O ND 0.58 ND 583
22 7.439 2-Butenal 70 C4H6O ND 0.81 ND 816
23 15.079 2-Furancarboxaldehyde 96 C5H4O2 0.46 ND 472 ND
24 10.815 D-Limonene 136 C10H16 0.7 ND 716 ND
25 HC 16.029 Trans-1-ethenyl-2-methyl-cyclohexane 124 C9H16 ND 0.58 ND 589
26 17.651 Ethyl Chloride 64 C2H5Cl 1.28 ND 1,300 ND
27 Alcohol 21.437 Phenol 94 C6H6O 1.22 0.57 1,239 575
28 22.203 4-methyl-phenol, 108 C7H8O 0.68 ND 690 ND
29 Carboxyl 14.93 Acetic acid 60 C2H4O2 0.7 2.39 710 2,425
30 Ester 22.047 1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate 218 C9H14O6 3.2 0.54 3,258 545
31 Furan 25.569 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran 120 C8H8O 0.44 ND 448 ND
23 15.079 2-Furancarboxaldehyde 96 C5H4O2 0.46 ND 472 ND
24 10.815 D-Limonene 136 C10H16 0.7 ND 716 ND
25 HC 16.029 Trans-1-ethenyl-2-methyl-cyclohexane 124 C9H16 ND 0.58 ND 589
26 17.651 Ethyl Chloride 64 C2H5Cl 1.28 ND 1,300 ND
27 Alcohol 21.437 Phenol 94 C6H6O 1.22 0.57 1,239 575
28 22.203 4-methyl-phenol, 108 C7H8O 0.68 ND 690 ND
29 Carboxyl 14.93 Acetic acid 60 C2H4O2 0.7 2.39 710 2,425
30 Ester 22.047 1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate 218 C9H14O6 3.2 0.54 3,258 545
31 Furan 25.569 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran 120 C8H8O 0.44 ND 448 ND
a

Major VOCs detected from the CSC and CSE samples (Top 20 VOCs with high peak area values). Solvent blank correction (Excluding the VOCs detected from the DMSO and PBS solvents);

b

ND, Not detected.